12th Great Grandfather Jesse de Forest
INTRODUCTION
Questions exist in the minds of the best early colonial historians about the date, persons, conveyance, hierarchy, means, and success of the first colonists in the West Indies between the 40th and 45th degrees of latitude, generally understood to be New Netherland. It is not that they do not know generally what happened, generally when, and generally by whom, but since a lot of conflicting and incomplete information exists it is very difficult to know specifically all these questions. Precisely placing persons in places at times and for what purposes, has been illusive to historians studying the early development of settlements in New Netherland. This is an important time in history for one of the worlds greatest mega-metropolis cities, now called New York City. People want to know how, when, why, and by whom and under what circumstances we can trace the development of one of the worlds greatest population centers. It is a matter of historical imperative to answer the questions of the origins of New York City. This research will attempt to put names, times, places, and reasons for the founding of New York City in context of the supporting documentation and analyses to come to a reasoned assessment of the question.
BEGINNINGS
Our story of the founding of New York begins in about 1576 with the Birth of the second child of Jean De Forest (the first Protestant of the De Forest family) and Anne Maillard in Avesnes. This place is in what is now Belgium but at that time part of Spanish Netherlands since 1559. It was the place of the Walloons and Huguenots. The Walloons, who live in Belgium’s southern provinces, are the country’s ‘Olde French-speaking’ inhabitants. Major John W. de Forest writes: “Beaten upon historically by the Gauls, the Cimbri, the Romans, and the Franks, the Walloons stubbornly retain their identity and a certain boundary … industrious, fervid in temper, and always excellent soldiers.”[1] Huguenots, on the other hand, referenced those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. So, when used to describe Jesse de Forest his friends and family, Walloon Huguenot denotes a French speaking resident of Southern Belgium of the protestant faith. Jesse and his wife Marie du Cloux are shown in protestant church records of Sedan as having been married on Sunday the 23rd of September 1601[2]. From July 7, 1602, upon the baptism of Marie their first child, through December 11, 1608, at the baptism of their son David, as well as the baptisms of Jean, Henry, and Elizabeth in the intervening years, all recorded in church records at Sedan,[3] we find the de Forest family in residence. In 1606 – 1608 the De Forests may have been in the process of establishing a new business as suggested below. After 1608 our next documentary evidence of Jesse de Forest is described as a Merchant (probably in woolen cloth) up through 1606 in Sedan and thereafter in 1607 and 1608 in the records of another town, Montcornet in Thierache in eastern canton of Picardy, where he is described as a Merchant-Dyer.[4] Jesse is found to be partnering with his Brother-in-Law David de Lambremont, husband of Magdeleine, sister of Marie. The church records of Sedan have a gap of 8 years after 1608 when we lose track of Jesse and his family and the records of Montcornet are silent as well. In 1615 we find Jesse de Forest in the Walloon registers of Leyden in Holland.[5]
LOCATIONS
Why did Jesse move from Avesnes to Sedan, Montcornet, and then to Leyden? Of course, he was born in Avesnes and lived there until he went in the military. Religious persecution was the order of the day at that time in Hainaut. The Spanish Inquisition was focused on Reformed Protestants at this time. At the point he left the military it appears he followed his father and mother to Sedan. Although we find no evidence one way or the other regarding the motivation for the move to Sedan, this was a time of intense conflict between the Spanish Catholic forces and the Dutch Protestant forces in this region of the Low Countries. Cities were being designated at this very time as Protestant or Catholic religious areas and political strongholds due to the Edict of Nantes in 1598[6]. While it granted certain privileges to Huguenots, the edict upheld Catholicism’s position as the established religion of France. It was an intense time of migration from one city to another that would be friendly to one religion or another in terms of worship, politics, business, and society. This may explain their move to Sedan. The move to Montcornet looks like a business opportunity between Jesse and his brother-in-law David de Lambremont. The move to Leyden came after some years in which it became clear that the Edict of Nantes was not working out for the Walloon Huguenots.
THE MILITARY
There is a time when Jesse is said to have served with Prince Maurice of Nassau, as a Lieutenant and Captain against the Spanish. 1595 to 1600, Prince Maurice of Nassau set in motion a military revolution by completely reforming the Dutch army, introducing new concepts of drill and standard commands, and combining them with standardization and thorough bookkeeping. “This created a dependable, predictable, maneuverable, and steadfast army, with high continued firepower, deadly cavalry, and experienced officers high and low.”[7] In this context Jesse would have fought with the Protestants against the Spanish Catholics in the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War fought between 1585 -1604 resulting in the Spanish ceasing pursuit of their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands, and the English ending high seas privateering against Spain.
THE FAMILY
Jesse is known to have 10 children but may have had more as there is a gap in the record from 1609 to 1615, he and his wife’s prime childbearing years. Since before this time and after, his children were born at a rate of one every couple of years. It seems probable that at least three and maybe four children were born to the De Forests in this time frame. In fact, it is believed that Rachel, eventual mother of one of the important families of New York, was born in 1609 possibly in Holland.[8] Although he was prosperous at times it appears that while in Leyden, he became pressed for money. There is a record of Jesse pledging his dying pot and other chattels in deference to a debt of 50 florins for rent owed.[9] Poverty and the prospect of hunger for at least 10 children seems a powerful motivator for an enterprising young man in Leyden at the beginning of the 17th century. In Leyden the de Forest family attended the Huguenot church. The Protestant community at large must have been familiar with the Puritan Pilgrims that left Leyden for Virginia in 1620. This familiarity would have extended to the “circumstances of their settlement in Leyden and their purpose in migrating to the new world.”[10] Being a member of the Walloon Huguenot community in Holland and undoubtedly sharing a common interest in going somewhere with the opportunity to maintain their culture and religion and have economic prospects limited only by their industry, Jesse was ready to take action to lead Walloons to the New World.
THE OPPORTUNITY
Jesse de Forest had in mind a plan to plant a colony of his own people in the West Indies. His design was carefully shopped out, first to England and subsequently Holland in search of a country willing to sponsor the Walloons in such an undertaking. First, he discussed this with a great many householders in the community and gained a sense of their commitment to the enterprise. He then began to think through and execute a plan to gain state sponsorship. By this time in Holland, the Greenland Company, and the New Netherland Company (the private merchants trading in the New Netherland region) had both run their course and a successor had yet to form. This left no one to petition for the sponsors needed by the group. Jesse then, like the Puritans, looked to the English Crown. He met with the English Ambassador to the Hague as representative of 227 or more Walloon Huguenots who were willing to immigrate to Virginia. Jesse had conditions under which these people would form a new colony in Virginia, and he gave them to Sir Dudley Carleton in mid-July 1621. Sir Dudley dutifully remitted same to Secretary of State Calvert. The demands presented under the date of July 21, 1621, were signed by Jesse de Forest as leader accompanied with a round robin petition signed by 57 Walloon heads of families willing to colonize Virginia.[11]
These “Demands” presented for the consideration of the King of England prayed that they be granted an area 16 English miles in diameter for their exclusive reservation and separate habitation, Ships and supplies, cannons and munitions, regular commerce from England, all designed to preserve their Calvinist religion, French Language, and Culture. They would hold this place in fealty from his majesty under his laws, while reserving to themselves, in all local matters, and rights of inferior lordship.[12] The round-robin document was signed by 57 heads of household representing 227 persons. Calvert referred the matter to the Virginia Company who were willing to have the Walloons go to Virginia but were not willing to accommodate their demands to live separately. The Company allowed that they could be scattered “by convenient numbers in the principal cities, boroughs, and corporations in Virginia.”[13] This response was far from acceptable to Jesse and the Walloons. They began to look elsewhere for sponsors. It took eight months for the group in April 1622 to turn to a powerful local government, the States of Holland and West Friesland to provide sponsorship that they required. The States knew of the progress of the new West India Company, and they deemed the enterprise to be ripe for their needs and advantageous for the company. An effort was made to promote it to the Directors. The Directors received it favorably but referred it back to the States General. On the 27th of August 1622 the States General “charged and authorized Jesse de Forest to inscribe and enroll for the colonies all families having the qualifications requisite for being of use and service to the country, the same to be transported to the West Indies …”[14] Jesse de Forest did so and reported back this accomplishment to the Lords Gentlemen of the States General although this report is not in evidence today.
THE GRAND SCHEME
Meanwhile, the Dutch West India Company had been fully capitalized with over 7 million Guilders, an enormous sum. Their plans included one vessel to be followed shortly by others to plant colonies on the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut rivers for the Company. A mighty fleet of 23 ships would sail carrying 500 cannon, 1600 sailors and 1700 soldiers[15] in addition to colonists. The armada under the command of Admiral Willekens would attack Brazil to take it from Spain while a smaller fleet would attack the coast of Africa to secure the slave trade from Spain. Yet another part of the armada would take a group of explorers to the equatorial amazon to find suitable places for the French Huguenots to settle. This last ship, the Pidgeon leaving Amsterdam on July 1, 1623, is where we find Jesse de Forest sailing with 11 other heads of families that he had enrolled, to scout the Gulf of Maracaibo for a suitable place for settlement. Sailing with the Pidgeon was the Mackerel bound for the Harbor at New Netherland. Having an ample and willing supply of families enrolled by Jesse de Forest to colonize the West Indies, the West India Company determined to gain early advantage by sending in June of 1623 three ships, the Orange Tree, the Grasping Eagle, and the Love out to secure trade and “keep affairs in train” according to de Wassenaer[16]. Now we come to a point in historical documentation that will inform our dating of the first settlers brought to New Netherland.
A woman named Catelina Trico, or Tricot gave two depositions regarding her travel and landing in New Netherland. In the depositions at age 80 and 83 she stated:
“In 1623 or 1624 … four women came along with her in the same ship, in which ship the Governor Arian Jorissen came over also … which four women were married at sea and with their husbands … they with 8 seamen went … by order of the Governor to the Delaware river and there settled.”[17] In her second deposition she seemed more clear and at age 83 states: “born in Paris … that in the year 1623 she came to this country with a ship called the Unity whereof was Commander Arian Jorise…”[18]
We have the text of these depositions by Mrs. Trico but they have some conflicting information and we must either discount or corroborate the statements. Luckily, another document was found by Professor Albert Eckhof of the University of Leyden. He translated this document into English and published it in 1926[19]. This document relates that a vessel called the Falling Nut Tree Commanded by Jan Jansz. Brouwer, and two other ships accompanied it, the Red Dove, and another ship whose name is not given (which could have been the Unity of deponent Trico) were lying in the Hudson River near Albany when the New Netherland arrived in May 1624. There is further evidence of such a mission from the records of a November 3, 1623, meeting of the WIC Assembly of the XIX (this was the Assembly of the 19 principal Directors of the WIC). The records of the meeting state:
“There was heard also Adriaen Jorisz Thienpoint, a Skipper of Mr. Coerten having been in the Virginias and declaring they still have there in the Rio de Montagne (Hudson River) some goods, two sloops, and people. Requests therefore that they have permission to make ready a Yacht to trade their merchandise and bring home their people.” [20]
Because the WIC had been granted a 24-year monopoly to trade and plant colonists, the Assembly of the XIX did not allow a private expedition. It did authorize a Company ship to be outfitted under the direction of the Amsterdam Chamber of the WIC to trade and bring back the vessels and people reported by Thienpoint.[21] It is likely, since Thienpoint is known to be in the employ of the WIC in 1624-25, and that he was familiar in all particulars with the previous expedition, that he was appointed to Command this ship and left January 25, 1624, with a cargo of trade goods and settlers to start a colony. This would fit with the evidence surrounding the fact that as a matter of record when the New Netherland arrived May 24, 1624, they found 3 ships laying in the Hudson about Albany. The Falling Nut Tree Commanded by Jan Jansz. Brouwer, the Red Dove, and another ship not named that likely was the Unity Commanded by Adriaen Jorisz Thienpoint and described in Madame Trico’s deposition.[22] Thienpoint is known to have become Provisional Governor of Fort Orange about this time and for a short while thereafter.[23]
We have one more piece of evidence that there was a departure for New Netherland January 25, 1624, in an entry in the Copie-Boek of the Consistory of the Dutch Reformed Church of Amsterdam referring to the sailing to New Netherland of Bastiaen Jansen Krol as Sieckentrooster, or comforter of the sick on January 25, 1624.[24]Since we have evidence that there were ships and people in New Netherland that had overwintered in the Hudson in 1623, it makes sense that a person such as Krol would be dispatched along with other settlers to relieve those already there. Some may have wanted to stay at the behest of the WIC for the purpose of continuing and expanding the trade started by Mr. Pieter Boudaen Coerten, a prominent member of the Zeeland Chamber of the WIC, formerly a private trader to New Netherland prior to incorporation of the WIC. A recap of what we have earlier noted follows:
1, Madame Trico’s second deposition that she came to New Netherland in the Unity Commanded by Adriaen Jorisz Thienpoint in 1623 and posted in the Delaware to settle and trade.
2. Adriaen Jorisz Thienpoint appears at the November 3, 1623, session of an Assembly of the XIX to see if he can mount a relief effort for the ships and people, he left earlier in the Hudson on the Falling Nut Tree Commanded by Jan Jansz. Brouwer and the Red Dove.
3. The Assembly of the XIX direct the Amsterdam Chamber of the WIC to mount the expedition (on January 24, 1624?) advised by Thienpoint “taking the necessary cargo to continue the trade along with 5 or 6 families “Of the colonists” (Jesse de Forests enrollees?) in order to make the beginning of a settlement …”
4. The New Netherland ship Commanded by Cornelis Jacobsz Mey arrived in May 1624 with a contingent of Walloon Colonists (again assumed to be those enrolled by Jesse de Forest) to start or fortify existing settlements. They met the Mackerel, dispatched with the Pidgeon in July of 1623 and with her aid, turned away a French ship in the Harbor that was about to claim the shore for France. They found three ships in the Hudson around Albany, The Falling Nut Tree, The Red Dove, and another Sloop. These ships were taken into the service of the WIC to temporarily house the settlers and to continue trading in the area. The evidence suggests this unnamed sloop could be the Unity under the Command of Adriaen Jorisz Thienpoint and having as a passenger Bastiaen Jansen Krol.
5. Although we find no documentary evidence that “the Colonists” spoken of by the WIC at the November 3, 1623 assembly, and sent on the January 25, 1624 departure, and the later March departure of the New Netherland were the same that were enrolled for this purpose by Jesse de Forest, there are likewise no other documents relating to others that had been enrolled for this purpose by the WIC or anyone else. When names do begin to show up in the records of New Netherland in subsequent years, they in many cases correspond to the list of enrollees of Jesse de Forest and the Round-Robin of families presented to Ambassador Sir Dudley Carleton.
WHAT ABOUT JESSE DE FOREST
When the Pidgeon and Mackerel departed in July 1623, Jesse de Forest was on board the Pidgeon with the other “heads of household” sent as an advance party to scout the Maracaibo in the border region between Brazil and Guiana for a suitable place to colonize. Their families were to come later once such a place was found and acquired. All of this is detailed in “A Voyage to Guiana” the journal kept of the expedition of Jesse de Forest and the other heads of household with him.[25] This journal details the voyage as well as the explorations of the Essequibo area and the interactions with Indians and other settlers. This manuscript was hidden in the collection of the founder of the British Museum, Sir Hans Sloan for over 150 years. It contains valuable primary historical information catalogued as “Sloan MS. 179 b.,” in the British Museum. It was finally brought from obscurity by the Rev. George Edmundson who found and published it in 1901 while collecting information on Guiana for a paper he was then writing. This journal is the standard for this voyage and expedition as no records of the Zeeland Chamber of the WIC survive from 1623-26.[26] The Journal extant is presumed to be a copy made by Jean Mousnier de la Montagne after the voyage as was customary in those times. The handwriting bears resemblance to letters known to have been written by de la Montagne. Montagne was known to have accompanied de Forest in the search for a place on the River Wyapoko. When he returned to Flushing in Zeeland on the Black Eagle on November 16, 1625, Montagne may have been asked to create a contemporary copy of the Journal in his possession for the Zeeland partner, Sir William Coerten, who was eager to get any information he could regarding potential places to colonize. In any event, the Journal is found and published in 1901. We know from the Journal that Jesse de Forest and 11 other heads of family were sent on the voyage of the Pidgeon. Once a likely place on the Wyapoko River was found, 9 of the heads of family returned to Holland on the Pidgeon on January 1, 1624, to conduct the families back to the Wyapoko. Jesse, Jean de la Montagne, and Louis la Maire stayed with 6 Pidgeon crew members to ready their preferred place for arrival of the families.[27] This journal is not only a very important document in the early development of the WIC but also as a detailed rendition of this voyage and the activities of the expedition. It also is the only way we know conclusively what happened to Jesse de Forest. We find that after exploring the country, making friends with the local Indians, obtaining property for their settlement and farms, readying all for the arrival of the families, Jesse de Forest died of sunstroke on August 22, 1624.[28]
The rest of the group carried on with the preparations for the arrival of the families. They continued their explorations and acquisitions until the 20th of December 1624 when the families did not arrive as expected, and running out of supplies and food, a meeting was called to discuss their options[29] At this meeting it was decided that while they still had the means they would build a boat that would allow them to go to the Caribbean Islands where many ships would be available from which to resupply and return to the country or find ships from the Company which could take them back to Holland. As a result of this decision, they found a suitable place on the river to build and launch their craft. Between January and April 1625, they busied themselves with the minimal tools at their disposal in the building of a 36 x 12 pinnace. On the 23rd of May 1625 a boat from the ship Green Dragon found them at their labor and informed them that they had been charged by the WIC Zeeland Chamber to find and bring them back to Holland.[30]
The analysis of the record to this point would indicate that although the Heads of Family had mounted the expedition and were successful, the bulk of the colonists, 6 families on the Unity, and 30 families on the New Netherland may have already been sent to the Hudson and would not be available to the potential Wyapoko colony. If this is the case, it would make sense for the WIC to send a ship after the group not knowing yet that their Captain, de Forest, had died. The Green Dragon weighed anchor for the return trip on the 28th of May 1625. On August 3, 1625, they arrived at Surinam where they met the Black Eagle and for the next several weeks made the rounds of islands thereabouts to collect letter-wood and other trade cargo. The first week of September was spent consolidating all the cargo onto the Black Eagle for return to Holland.[31]On September 17th Admiral Lucifer transferred his flag to the Green Dragon and the Black Eagle left for Holland. On the 16th of November 1625 it arrived at Flushing with Montagne and the others “for which God be praised.”[32]
CONCLUSION
The research points to a combination of conditions, people, opportunities, dreams, plans, work, and luck that caused the WIC to plant a colony of Walloons at New Netherland. Did Jesse de Forest found the colony so planted? This story began by asking to put names, times, places, and reasons for the founding of New York City in context of the supporting documentation and analyses to come to a reasoned assessment of the question. Various documents have been discussed; Madame Trico’s depositions, the private trade expeditions (1614 – 1623) of the New Netherland company by opportunistic Amsterdam and Hoorn Merchants, the formation of the West India Company (1621), the Grand Scheme of conquest by the WIC (1623 – 1625), The various meeting notes of the WIC, The Journal of Jesse de Forest on the Voyage to Giana, the deposition of Willem van der Hulst regarding the New Netherland discovering three ships in the Hudson upon arrival in May 1624. All this brings us to what can be divined from the puzzle pieces thusly overturned:
Jesse de Forest was born in 1576 in Avesnes. He was involved in the Dutch and Spanish Religious wars of the late 16th century as a Captain in the army of Maurice of Nassau. He moved to Sedan sometime after he left the army about 1600 or 1601. On September 23, 1601, he married Marie du Cloux. He had several children baptized in the Protestant church in Sedan from 1602 through 1608. He participated in business as a merchant-dyer with his brother-in-law David de Lambremont in Montcornet starting in 1607. Nothing is heard of him again until 1615 when he shows up in the church records at Leyden, Holland. He was busy establishing himself in Leyden as a dyer of wool in colors and becoming a member of the guild from 1615 to 1623 at which time his brother petitioned the guild to fill his slot as a dyer of colors upon his absence from the country. It is also known that in 1621 Jesse petitioned the British government to allow him and fellow Walloon Huguenots, about 227 in number, to form a colony in the Virginias. When terms could not be worked out, in 1622 he petitioned the States General in Holland to allow him and his fellow Walloons to immigrate to the West Indies. This request was referred to the West India Company as it was being formed and capitalized. Jesse was granted the commission to enroll families in the enterprise as prospective colonists and he did enroll about 60 families. The WIC asked him to mount an expedition to the boarder of Brazil and Guiana taking 11 of the heads of the families that he enrolled with him to prepare a place to plant a colony. He subsequently undertook this mission and although successful, died of sunstroke because of his efforts.
Although we know that Jesse de Forest never reached the shores of New Netherland, a great deal of historical evidence attests his years long effort to plan and execute a colony on her shores. He convinced 57 heads of household to sign the initial round-robin document submitted with his request to English authorities. When that petition failed, he worked for another year or two to find a sponsor in Holland, petitioning the Local States Government of Friesland and then the States General. He again enrolled his fellow Walloon Huguenot religious exiles to pledge their willingness to colonize the West Indies for the West India Company. Some of the families he enrolled as colonists were transported to New Netherland as early as 1623 if Trico and other evidence is to be believed, and 1624 according to existing historical interpretations. His immediate family, brother, sons, son-in-law, daughter, and others also later emigrated to New Netherland and became vital persons in its development. No other planner is known to have brought such extensive effort in diplomacy, leadership, and vision to the authorities at such an early date. He may well have known of the Leyden Pilgrims who went to Plymouth and been encouraged by their story. At least a preponderance of this research points to Jesse de Forest having been the person most responsible for the founding of New York. The date of such founding is generally quoted in histories of the early Colonial New Netherland period as Late May 1624 but in fact, based on research in this monograph could have been 1623 on ships of the Amsterdam merchant Coerten.
FINAL WORD
Today, there is a Monument in Battery Park, New York City called the Walloon Settlers Memorial. That monument was given to the City of New York by the Belgian Province of Hainaut in honor of Jesse’s inspiration in founding New York City. Baron De Cartier de Marchienne, representing the Belgian King and Government, presented the monument to Mayor John F. Hylan, for the City of New York May 18, 1924, commemorating the 300th anniversary. The inscription on the monument follows:
IN MEMORY OF THE WALLOON SETTLERS WHO CAME OVER TO AMERICA IN THE “NIEW NEDERLAND” UNDER THE INSPIRATION OF JESSE DE FOREST OF AVESNES THEN COUNTY OF HAINAUT ONE OF THE PROVINCES 1624 – 1924.
Walloon Settlers Monument in Battery Park, New York City.
Bibliography
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De Forest, Mrs. Robert W. A Walloon Family in America; Lockwood De Forest and his Forbearers. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914.
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Heckewelder, Reverend John. History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian nations Who once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States. Philadelphia, PA, 1819. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1971.
Jameson, J. Franklin, ed. Narratives of New Netherland 1609-1664. New York: Charles Scribner’s and Sons, 1909. Reprint. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1959.
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Review of “Jesse de Forest, The Leader of the Walloon Emigration to America”, by R. W. de Forest. (1924). The Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association, 5(1): 84–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43554036
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Unknown. “Chronicle.” The Catholic Historical Review 9, no. 3 (1923): 413–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25011987.
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[1] Mrs. Robert W. De Forest, A Walloon Family in America: Lockwood De Forest and His Forbearers 1500-1848 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914), 3-4.
[2] J.W. De Forest, The De Forests of Avesnes (And of New Netherland) (New Haven: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co., 1900), 51.
[3] Ibid., 51-2
[4] Ibid., 53.
[5] Ibid., 54.
[6] Wikipedia contributors, “Edict of Nantes,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Nantes&oldid=1025044886 (accessed October 6, 2021).
[7] Wikipedia contributors, “Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604),” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&oldid=1047363919 (accessed October 6, 2021).
[8] J. W. De Forest, 54.
[9] Ibid., 56.
[10]J. W. De Forest, 57.
[12] J. W. De Forest, 61.
[13] Ibid., 62.
[14] Ibid., 65.
[15] J. W. De Forest, 67.
[16] Nicholas van Wassenaer, Historisch Verhael aldaer ghedenkwerdichste gescheidnisse (Amsterdam, 1624-1631), Vol. V, 92.
[17] Van Laer, Documentary History of New York, 3: 49-50.
[18] Ibid.
[19] Dr. Albert Eckhof, Jonas Michaelius Founder of the Church in New Netherland, (Leyden: A.W. Sijtoff’s Publishing Co., 1926) 96-8.
[20] C. A. Weslager, and A. R. Dunlap. Dutch Explorers, Traders, and Settlers in the Delaware Valley, 1609-1644 (Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961) 52.
[21] Ibid., 53
[22] Dr. Albert Eckhof, 98.
[23] C. A. Weslager, 56.
[24] The Van Rappard Documents in the collection of Henry E. Huntington discovered in 1910, Huntington had them translated into English and published in 1924. Referred to herein as Van Rappard, xvi.
[25] Mrs. Robert W De Forest, “A Voyage to Guiana” in A Walloon Family in America; Lockwood De Forest and his Forbearers, Volume II. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914). 171-279
[26] De Forest, Mrs. Robert W., 171-87.
[27] Ibid., 241.
[28] Ibid., 249.
[29] De Forest, Mrs. Robert W, 251.
[30] Ibid., 259.
[31] Ibid., 265.
[32] De Forest, Mrs. Robert W, 269.
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